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薑還是老的辣
！
保時捷，終於舉起大刀砍向特斯拉！
一
特斯拉Model X
誰是保時捷？
造了近百年汽車的傳統車企，德系中的德系，911聞名世界，卡宴拿下全球第一SUV豪華品牌；
誰是特斯拉？
成立不到15年的新能源車企，把純電動做到極致，全新的顛覆模式打得傳統汽車們措手不及；
當保時捷正為其打造出百公里加速僅2.6秒的超跑而歡呼時，特斯拉直接扔出1.9秒，這是燃油汽車莫大的恥辱。
保時捷必須自我變革，必須忘掉自己輝煌的過去。因為他面對的，是別人壓根不用燃油發動機的降維打擊！
二
該來的終究會來！
剛剛，保時捷重磅推出純電動車型，不屬於帕拉梅拉，不屬於911，直接取名Mission E！
看這騷氣的流線外形：
看這近5米的怪獸車身：
看這好像來自外星的雙眼：
還有這科技感爆棚的尾燈：
更有這讓敞篷都汗顏的天窗：
還不夠驚豔？我們馬上看裡面！
3塊液晶屏貫穿整個中控，沒有按鍵：
儀表盤人眼跟蹤，怎麼看都是正面：
溫度高低、音量大小，全看手勢：
螢幕上導航，玻璃上看速度：
再來看座椅和後備箱。
4個座位全部獨立，賽車包裹：
後備箱更是大到分成了三段：
然而，更讓你難以置信的是，它居然內建了一架無人機：
顯示屏啟動，自動起飛。起飛後，智慧圍繞行駛路線，將周圍的地形、車流等，實時傳到車內。
天吶！這哪還是什麼傳統汽車，這和我們今天見到的汽車完全就不是一個時代的產物！
三
充電口
然而，保時捷真正讓特斯拉睡不著覺的，不是上面這些絢麗的科技，更不是那驚豔的外觀！
而是電池，是可怕的保時捷充電技術：
Turbo Charging！
目前，它初步車型的續航能力已達
500公里
，與特斯拉Model X高配版相當，都是當下的巔峰水平。
但充電，就徹底碾壓了特斯拉。保時捷花了巨大成本，終於打造出高達
800伏
的獨有車載充電器。
15分鐘充80%，續航400km，這位元斯拉快了整整一倍。如此恐怖的充電效率，讓人驚歎！
更瘋狂的是：
保時捷還實現了無線充電。不要電纜、不要插頭，把車開上去就能自動進行充電！
就在剛剛
，保時捷突然宣佈，正建立超級充電站網路，充電速度位元斯拉快6倍。薑還是老的辣。
一連串的炸彈，轟炸著特斯拉，轟炸著全球新能源汽車。沒錯，傳統汽車的霸主開始調轉船頭了！
四
保時捷傳統燃油V6發動機
也許，你看到的是保時捷強勢向特斯拉宣戰。但你是否知道，這背後需要多大的決心！
一個傾其所有
，研發了近百年傳統燃油發動機的巨頭，如今卻不得不向其勇敢地說再見了。
一個培育出全球最頂級發動機工程師的企業
，如今也要和他們告別了，他們將下崗再教育。
一個成立近百年，卻被一個成立僅10年的對手搞得睡不著覺。保時捷終於主動斷臂，勇敢宣戰！
未來十年，一定是海盜嘉年華。你自以為是的核心競爭力，一個跨界的進來，人家壓根不用這個！
保時捷研究了近百年發動機
，各種渦輪、各種增壓。一個特斯拉進來，人家壓根不用發動機。
銀行發展了幾十年的網點、ATM機。
一個微信支付寶進來，人家壓根不用網點，不用現金。
今天，保時捷華麗反擊的背後，是斷臂的鮮血、是嘆息的淚水，更是變革的宿命！
而不敢斷臂、只求安逸，無論你過去多麼成功，未來都只能苟延殘喘，直到被塵土掩埋！
169。 Don‘t let yesterday use up too much of today。 別留念昨天了，把握好今天吧。（Will Rogers） 170。 If you are not brave enough， no one will back you up。 你不勇敢，沒人替你堅強。171。 If you don’t build your dream， someone will hire you to build theirs。 如果你沒有夢想，那麼你只能為別人的夢想打工。172。 Beauty is all around， if you 在意的那些結根本算不了什麼。183。 The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition。 任何事情成功關鍵都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184。 You can be happy no matter what。 開心一點吧，管它會怎樣。185。 A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow。 今天的好計劃勝過明天的完美計劃。186。 Nothing is impossible， the word itself says ‘I’m possible‘！ 一切皆有可能！“不可能”的意思是：“不，可能。”（奧黛麗·赫本） 187。 Life isn’t fair， but no matter your circumstances， you have to give it your all。 生活是不公平的，不管你的境遇如何，你只能全力以赴。188。 No matter how hard it is， just keep going because you only fail when you give up。 無論多麼艱難，都要繼續前進，因為只有你放棄的那一刻，你才輸了。When Paul Jobs was mustered out of the Coast Guard after World War II， he made a wager with his crewmates。 They had arrived in San Francisco， where their ship was decommissioned， and Paul bet that he would find himself a wife within two weeks。 He was a taut， tattooed engine mechanic， six feet tall， with a passing resemblance to James Dean。 But it wasn’t his looks that got him a date with Clara Hagopian， a sweet-humored daughter of Armenian immigrants。 It was the fact that he and his friends had a car， unlike the group she had originally planned to go out with that evening。 Ten days later， in March 1946， Paul got engaged to Clara and won his wager。 It would turn out to be a happy marriage， one that lasted until death parted them more than forty years later。 Paul Reinhold Jobs had been raised on a dairy farm in Germantown， Wisconsin。 Even though his father was an alcoholic and sometimes abusive， Paul ended up with a gentle and calm disposition under his leathery exterior。 After dropping out of high mechanic until， at age nineteen， he joined the Coast Guard， even though he didn’t know how to swim。 He was deployed on the USS General M。 C。 Meigs and spent much of the war ferrying troops to Italy for General Patton。 His talent as a machinist and fireman earned him commendations， but he occasionally found himself in minor trouble and never rose above the rank of seaman。 Clara was born in New Jersey， where her parents had landed after fleeing the Turks in Armenia， and they moved to the Mission District of San Francisco when she was a child。 She had a secret that she rarely mentioned to anyone： She had been married before， but her husband had been killed in the war。 So when she met Paul Jobs on that first date， she was primed to start a new life。 Clara， however， loved San Francisco， and in 1952 she convinced her husband to move back there。 They got an apartment in the Sunset District facing the Pacific， just south of Golden Gate Park， and he took a job working for a finance company as a “repo man，” picking the locks of cars whose owners hadn’t paid their loans and repossessing them。 He also bought， repaired， and sold some of the cars， making a decent enough living in the process。 There was， however， something missing in their lives。 They wanted children， but Clara had suffered an ectopic pregnancy， in which the fertilized egg was implanted in a fallopian tube rather than the uterus， and she had been unable to have any。 So by 1955， after nine years of marriage， they were looking to adopt a child。 Like Paul Jobs， Joanne Schieble was from a rural Wisconsin family of German heritage。 Her father， Arthur Schieble， had immigrated to the outskirts of Green Bay， where he and his wife owned a mink farm and dabbled successfully in various other businesses， including real estate and photoengraving。 He was very strict， especially regarding his daughter’s relationships， and he had strongly disapproved of her first love， an artist who was not a Catholic。 Thus it was no surprise that he threatened to cut Joanne off completely when， as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin， she fell in love with Abdulfattah “John” Jandali， a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria。 Jandali was the youngest of nine children in a prominent Syrian family。 His father owned oil refineries and multiple other businesses， with large holdings in Damascus and Homs， and at one point pretty much controlled the price of wheat in the region。 His mother， he later said， was a “traditional Muslim woman” who was a “conservative， obedient housewife。” Like the Schieble family， the Jandalis put a premium on education。 Abdulfattah was sent to a Jesuit boarding school， even though he was Muslim， and he got an undergraduate degree at the American University in Beirut before entering the University of Wisconsin to pursue a doctoral degree in political science。 In the summer of 1954， Joanne went with Abdulfattah to Syria。 They spent two months in Homs， where she learned from his family to cook Syrian dishes。 When they returned to Wisconsin she discovered that she was pregnant。 They were both twenty-three， but they decided not to get married。 Her father was dying at the time， and he had threatened to disown her if she wed Abdulfattah。 Nor was abortion an easy option in a small Catholic community。 So in early 1955， Joanne traveled to San Francisco， where she was taken into the care of a kindly doctor who sheltered unwed mothers， delivered their babies， and quietly arranged closed adoptions。 Joanne had one requirement： Her child must be adopted by college graduates。 So the doctor arranged for the baby to be placed with a lawyer and his wife。 But when a boy was born—on February 24， 1955—the designated couple decided that they wanted a girl and backed out。 Thus it was that the boy became the son not of a lawyer but of a high school dropout with a passion for mechanics and his salt-of-the-earth wife who was working as a bookkeeper。 Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs。 When Joanne found out that her baby had been placed with a couple who had not even graduated from high school， she refused to sign the adoption papers。 The standoff lasted weeks， even after the baby had settled into the Jobs household。 Eventually Joanne relented， with the stipulation that the couple promise—indeed sign a pledge—to fund a savings account to pay for the boy’s college education。 There was another reason that Joanne was balky about signing the adoption papers。 Her father was about to die， and she planned to marry Jandali soon after。 She held out hope， she would later tell family members， sometimes tearing up at the memory， that once they were married， she could get their 別讓夢想只停留在夢裡。181。 A day without laughter is a day wasted。 沒有笑聲的一天是浪費了的一天。（卓別林） 182。 Travel and see the world； afterwards， you will be able to put your concerns in perspective。 去旅行吧，見的世面多了，你會發現原來在意的那些結根本算不了什麼。183。 The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition。 任何事情成功關鍵都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184。 You can be happy no matter what。 開心一點吧，管它會怎樣。baby boy back。 Arthur Schieble died in August 1955， after the adoption was finalized。 Just after Christmas that year， Joanne and Abdulfattah were married in St。 Philip the Apostle Catholic Church in Green Bay。 He got his PhD in international politics the next year， and then they had another child， a girl named Mona。 After she and Jandali divorced in 1962， Joanne embarked on a dreamy and peripatetic life that her daughter， who grew up to become the acclaimed novelist Mona Simpson， would capture in her book Anywhere but Here。 Because Steve’s adoption had been closed， it would be twenty years before they would all find each other。 Steve Jobs knew from an early age that he was adopted。 “My parents were very open with me about that，” he recalled。 He had a vivid memory of sitting on the lawn of his house， when he was six or seven years old， telling the girl who lived across the street。 “So does that mean your real parents didn’t want you？” the girl asked。 “Lightning bolts went off in my head，” according to Jobs。 “I remember running into the house， crying。 And my parents said， ‘No， you have to understand。’ They were very serious and looked me straight in the eye。 They said， ‘We specifically picked you out。’ Both of my parents said that and repeated it slowly for me。 And they put an emphasis on every word in that sentence。” Abandoned。 Chosen。 Special。 Those concepts became part of who Jobs was and how he regarded himself。 His closest friends think that the knowledge that he was given up at birth left some scars。 “I think his desire for complete control of whatever he makes derives directly from his personality and the fact that he was abandoned at birth，” said one longtime colleague， Del Yocam。 “He wants to control his environment， and he sees the product as an extension of himself。” Greg Calhoun， who became close to Jobs right after college， saw another effect。 “Steve talked to me a lot about being abandoned and the pain that caused，” he said。 “It made him independent。 He followed the beat of a different drummer， and that came from being in a different world than he was born into。” Later in life， when he was the same age his biological father had been when he abandoned him， Jobs would father and abandon a child of his own。 （He eventually took responsibility for her。） Chrisann Brennan， the mother of that child， said that being put up for adoption left Jobs “full of broken glass，” and it helps to explain some of his behavior。 “He who is abandoned is an abandoner，” she said。 Andy Hertzfeld， who worked with Jobs at Apple in the early 1980s， is among the few who remained close to both Brennan and Jobs。 “The key question about Steve is why he can’t control himself at times from being so reflexively cruel and harmful to some people，” he said。 “That goes back to being abandoned at birth。 The real underlying problem was the theme of abandonment in Steve’s life。” Jobs dismissed this。 “There’s some notion that because I was abandoned， I worked very hard so I could do well and make my parents wish they had me back， or some such nonsense， but that’s ridiculous，” he insisted。 “Knowing I was adopted may have made me feel more independent， but I have never felt abandoned。 I’ve always felt special。 My parents made me feel special。” He would later bristle whenever anyone referred to Paul and Clara Jobs as his “adoptive” parents or implied that they were not his “real” parents。 “They were my parents 1，000%，” he said。 When speaking about his biological parents， on the other hand， he was curt： “They were my sperm and egg bank。 That’s not harsh， it’s just the way it was， a sperm bank thing， nothing more。” Silicon Valley The childhood that Paul and Clara Jobs created for their new son was， in many ways， a stereotype of the late 1950s。 When Steve was two they adopted a girl they named Patty， and three years later they moved to a tract house in the suburbs。 The finance company where Paul worked as a repo man， CIT， had transferred him down to its Palo Alto office， but he could not afford to live there， so they landed in a subdivision in Mountain View， a less expensive town just to the south。 There Paul tried to pass along his love of mechanics and cars。 “Steve， this is your workbench now，” he said as he marked off a section of the table in their garage。 Jobs remembered being impressed by his father’s focus on craftsmanship。 “I thought my dad’s sense of design was pretty good，” he said， “because he knew how to build anything。 If we needed a cabinet， he would build it。 When he built our fence， he gave me a hammer so I could work with him。” Fifty years later the fence still surrounds the back and side yards of the house in Mountain View。 As Jobs showed it off to me， he caressed the stockade panels and recalled a lesson that his father implanted deeply in him。 It was important， his father said， to craft the backs of cabinets and fences properly， even though they were hidden。 “He loved doing things right。 He even cared about the look of the parts you couldn’t see。” His father continued to refurbish and resell used cars， and he festooned the garage with pictures of his favorites。 He would point out the detailing of the design to his son： the lines， the vents， the chrome， the trim of the seats。 After work each day， he would change into his dungarees and retreat to the garage， often with Steve tagging along。 “I figured I could get him nailed down with a little mechanical ability， but he really wasn’t interested in getting his hands dirty，” Paul later recalled。 “He never really cared too much about m189。 It requires hard work to give off an appearance of effortlessness。 你必須十分努力，才能看起來毫不費力。190。 Life is like riding a bicycle。To keep your balance，you must keep moving。 人生就像騎單車，只有不斷前進，才能保持平衡。（愛因斯坦） 191。 Be thankful for what you have。You‘ll end up having more。 擁有一顆感恩的心，最終你會得到更多。192。 Beauty is how you feel inside， and it reflects in your eyes。 美是一種內心的感覺，並反映在你的眼睛裡。（索菲亞·羅蘭） 193。 Friendship doubles your joys， and divides your sorrows。 朋友的作用，就是讓你快樂加倍，痛苦減半。194。 When you long for something sincerely， the whole world will help you。 當你真心渴望某樣東西時，整個宇宙都會來幫忙。echanical things。” “I wasn’t that into fixing cars，” Jobs admitted。 “But I was eager to hang out with my dad。” Even as he was growing more aware that he had been adopted， he was becoming more attached to his father。 One day when he was about eight， he discovered a photograph of his father from his time in the Coast Guard。 “He’s in the engine room， and he’s got his shirt off and looks like James Dean。 It was one of those Oh wow moments for a kid。 Wow， oooh， my parents were actually once very young and really good-looking。” Through cars， his father gave Steve his first exposure to electronics。 “My dad did not have a deep understanding of electronics， but he’d encountered it a lot in automobiles and other things he would fix。 He showed me the rudiments of electronics， and I got very interested in that。” Even more interesting were the trips to scavenge for parts。 “Every weekend， there’d be a junkyard trip。 We’d be looking for a generator， a carburetor， all sorts of components。” He remembered watching his father negotiate at the counter。 “He was a good bargainer， because he knew better than the guys at the counter what the parts should cost。” This helped fulfill the pledge his parents made when he was adopted。 “My college fund came from my dad paying $50 for a Ford Falcon or some other beat-up car that didn’t run， working on it for a few weeks， and selling it for $250—and not telling the IRS。” The Jobses’ house and the others in their neighborhood were built by the real estate developer Joseph Eichler， whose company spawned more than eleven thousand homes in various California subdivisions between 1950 and 1974。 Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision of simple modern homes for the American “everyman，” Eichler built inexpensive houses that featured floor-to-ceiling glass walls， open floor plans， exposed post-and-beam construction， concrete slab floors， and lots of sliding glass doors。 “Eichler did a great thing，” Jobs said on one of our walks around the neighborhood。 “His houses were smart and cheap and good。 They brought clean design and simple taste to lower-income people。 They had awesome little features， like radiant heating in the floors。 You put carpet on them， and we had nice toasty floors when we were kids。” Jobs said that his appreciation for Eichler homes instilled in him a passion for making nicely designed products for the mass market。 “I love it when you can bring really great design and simple capability to something that doesn’t cost much，” he said as he pointed out the clean elegance of the houses。 “It was the original vision for Apple。 That’s what we tried to do with the first Mac。 That’s what we did with the iPod。” Across the street from the Jobs family lived a man who had become successful as a real estate agent。 “He wasn’t that bright，” Jobs recalled， “but he seemed to be making a fortune。 So my dad thought， ‘I can do that。’ He worked so hard， I remember。 He took these night classes， passed the license test， and got into real estate。 Then the bottom fell out of the market。” As a result， the family found itself financially strapped for a year or so while Steve was in elementary school。 His mother took a job as a bookkeeper for Varian Associates， a company that made scientific instruments， and they took out a second mortgage。 One day his fourth-grade teacher asked him， “What is it you don’t understand about the universe？” Jobs replied， “I don’t understand why all of a sudden my dad is so broke。” He was proud that his father never adopted a servile attitude or slick style that may have made him a better salesman。 “You had to suck up to people to sell real estate， and he wasn’t good at that and it wasn’t in his nature。 I admired him for that。” Paul Jobs went back to being a mechanic。 His father was calm and gentle， traits that his son later praised more than emulated。 He was also resolute。 Jobs described one exampl What made the neighborhood different from the thousands of other spindly-tree subdivisions across America was that even the ne’er-do-wells tended to be engineers。 “When we moved here， there were apricot and plum orchards on all of these corners，” Jobs recalled。 “But it was beginning to boom because of military investment。” He soaked up the history of the valley and developed a yearning to play his own role。 Edwin Land of Polaroid later told him about being asked by Eisenhower to help build the U-2 spy plane cameras to see how real the Soviet threat was。 The film was dropped in canisters and returned to the NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale， not far from where Jobs lived。 “The first computer terminal I ever saw was when my dad brought me to the Ames Center，” he said。 “I fell totally in love with it。” Other defense contractors sprouted nearby during the 1950s。 The Lockheed Missiles and Space Division， which built submarine-launched ballistic missiles， was founded in 1956 next to the NASA Center； by the time Jobs moved to the area four years later， it employed twenty thousand people。 A few hundred yards away， Westinghouse built facilities that produced tubes and electrical transformers for the missile systems。 “You had all these military companies on the cutting edge，” he recalled。 “It was mysterious and high-tech and made living here very exciting。” In the wake of the defense industries there arose a booming economy based on technology。 Its roots stretched back to 1938， when David Packard and his new wife moved into a house in Palo Alto that had a shed where his friend Bill Hewlett was soon ensconced。 The house had a garage—an appendage that would prove both useful and iconic in the valley—in which they tinkered around until they had their first product， an audio oscillator。 By the 1950s， Hewlett-Packard was a fast-growing company making technical instruments。 Fortunately there was a place nearby for entrepreneurs who had outgrown their garages。 In a move that would help transform the area into the cradle of the tech revolution， Stanford University’s dean of engineering， Frederick Terman， created a seven-hundred-acre industrial park on university land for private companies that could commercialize the ideas of his students。 Its first tenant was Varian Associates， where Clara Jobs worked。 “Terman came up with this great idea that did more than anything to cause the tech industry to grow up here，” Jobs said。 By the time Jobs was ten， HP had nine thousand employees and was the blue-chip company where every engineer seeking financial stability wanted to work。 The most important technology for the region’s growth was， of course， the semiconductor。 William Shockley， who had been one of the inventors of the transistor at Bell Labs in New Jersey， moved out to Mountain View and， in 1956， started a company to build transistors using silicon rather than the more expensive germanium that was then commonly used。 But Shockley became increasingly erratic and abandoned his silicon transistor project， which led eight of his engineers—most notably Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore—to break away to form Fairchild Semiconductor。 That company grew to twelve thousand employees， but it fragmented in 1968， when Noyce lost a power struggle to become CEO。 He took Gordon Moore and founded a company that they called Integrated Electronics Corporation， which they soon smartly abbreviated to Intel。 Their third employee was Andrew Grove， who later would grow the company by shifting its focus from memory chips to microprocessors。 Within a few years there would be more than fifty companies in the area making semiconductors。 The exponential growth of this industry was correlated with the phenomenon famously discovered by Moore， who in 1965 drew a graph of the speed of integrated circuits， based on the number of transistors that could be placed on a chip， and showed that it doubled about every two years， a trajectory that could be expected to continue。 This was reaffirmed in 1971， when Intel was able to etch a complete central processing unit onto one chip， the Intel 4004， tronic amplifier。 “So I raced home， and I told my dad that he was wrong。” “No， it needs an amplifier，” his father assured him。 When Steve protested otherwise， his father said he was crazy。 “It can’t work without an amplifier。 There’s some trick。” “I kept saying no to my dad， telling him he had to see it， and finally he actually walked down with me and saw it。 And he said， ‘Well I’ll be a bat out of hell。’” Jobs recalled the incident vividly because it was his first realization that his father did not know everything。 Then a more disconcerting discovery began to dawn on him： He was smarter than his parents。 He had always admired his father’s competence and savvy。 “He was not an educated man， but I had always thought he was pretty damn smart。 He didn’t read much， but he could do a lot。 Almost everything mechanical， he could figure it out。” Yet the carbon microphone incident， Jobs said， began a jarring process of realizing that he was in fact more clever and quick than his parents。 “It was a very big moment that’s burned into my mind。 When I realized that I was smarter than my parents， I felt tremendous shame for having thought that。 I will never forget that moment。” This discovery， he later told friends， along with the fact that he was adopted， made him feel apart—detached and separate—from both his family and the world。 Another layer of awareness occurred soon after。 Not only did he discover that he was brighter than his parents， but he discovered that they knew this。 Paul and Clara Jobs were loving parents， and they were willing to adapt their lives to suit a son who was very smart—and also willful。 They would go to great lengths to accommodate him。 And soon Steve discovered this fact as well。 “Both my parents got me。 They felt a lot of responsibility once they sensed that I was special。 They found ways to keep feeding me stuff and putting me in better schools。 They were willing to defer to my needs。” So he grew up not only with a sense of having once been abandoned， but also with a sense that he was special。 In his own mind， that was more important in the formation of his personality。 School Even before Jobs started elementary school， his mother had taught him how to read。 This， however， led to some problems once he got to school。 “I was kind of bored for the first few years 在這種情況下，俄羅斯和歐洲正興建一條新的天然氣運輸管道，這就是北溪-2專案，這個專案全長1224公里，從俄羅斯穿過波羅的海，將天然氣運輸到德國和其它國家，歐洲很多國家都參與了這條管道專案的建設，畢竟這是歐洲國家的民生工程。一旦這條管道建設完成，可以為歐洲提供每年330億立方米的天然氣，可以滿足歐洲對天然氣十分之一的需求，這可是非常大的。它是氣態行星沒有實體表面，由90%的氫和10%的氦（原子數之比， 75/25%的質量比）及微量的甲烷、水、氨水和“石頭”組成。這與形成整個太陽系的原始的太陽系星雲的組成十分相似。木星可能有一個石質的核心，相當於10－15個地球的質量。核心上則是大部分的行星物質集結地，以液態氫的形式存在。液態金屬氫由離子化的質子與電子組成（類似於太陽的內部，不過溫度低多了）。木星共有67顆木衛。按距離木星中心由近及遠的次序為：木衛十六、木衛十四、木衛五、木衛十五、木衛一、木衛二、木衛三、木衛四、木衛十三、木衛六、木衛十、木衛七、木衛十二、木衛十一、木衛八和木衛九。［46］ 水星是最接近太陽的行星。水星的半徑約為2440公里，在八大行星中是最小的。水星晝夜溫差極大，白天攝氏 430 度，晚上約可達零下170 度，是太陽系八大行星中溫差最大的一個行星。［47］ 水星的外大氣層非常稀薄，是由水星表面和太陽風中的原子和離子構成。［48］ 科學家確認水星表面含有豐富的碳，認為碳是水星表面呈黑色的原因，水星表面的岩石是由低重量百分比的石墨碳構成。［49］ “好奇號”火星探測器在火星表面採集樣本 “好奇號”火星探測器在火星表面採集樣本 ［50］ 火星是地球的近鄰，是太陽系由內往外數第四顆行星。直徑6794km，體積為地球的15%，質量為地球的11%。火星表面是一個荒涼的世界，空氣中二氧化碳佔了95%。火星大氣十分稀薄，密度還不到地球大氣的1%，因而根本無法儲存熱量。這導致火星表面溫度極低，很少超過0℃，在夜晚，最低溫度則可達到-123℃。火星被稱為紅色的行星，這是因為它表面佈滿了氧化物，因而呈現出鐵鏽紅色。其表面的大部分地區都是含有大量的紅色氧化物的大沙漠，還有赭色的礫石地和凝固的熔岩流。火星上常常有猛烈的大風，大風揚起沙塵能形成可以覆蓋火星全球的特大型沙塵暴。每次沙塵暴可持續數個星期。火星兩極的冰冠和火星大氣中含有水份。從火星表面獲得的探測資料證明，在遠古時期八顆行星，直徑49532千米。海王星繞太陽運轉的軌道半徑為45億千米，公轉一週需要165年。海王星的直徑和天王星類似，質量比天王星略大一些。海王星和天王星的主要大氣成分都是氫和氦，內部結構也極為相近，所以說海王星與天王星是一對孿生兄弟。［55］ 海王星有太陽系最強烈的風，測量到的時速高達2100公里。海王星雲頂的溫度是－218 °C，是太陽系最冷的地區之一。海王星核心的溫度約為7000 °C，可以和太陽的表面比較。海王星在1846年9月23日被發現，是唯一利用數學預測而非有計劃的觀測發現的行星。［56］ 冥王星，位於海王星以外的柯伊伯帶內側，是柯伊伯帶中已知的最大天體。［57］ 直徑約為2370±20km，是地球直徑的18。5%。［58］ 2006年8月24日，國際天文學聯合會大會24日投票決定，不再將傳統九大行星之一的冥王星視為行星，而將其列入“矮行星”。大會透過的決議規定，“行星”指的是圍繞太陽運轉、自身引力足以克服其剛體力而使天體呈圓球狀、能夠清除其軌道附近其他物體的天體。在太陽系傳統的“九大行星”中，只有水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星符合這些要求。冥王星由於其軌道與海王星的軌道相交，不符合新的行星定義，因此被自動降級為“矮行星”。［59］ 冥王星的表面溫度大概在-238到-228℃之間。冥王星的成份由70%岩石和30%冰水混合而成的。地表上光亮的部分可能覆蓋著一些固體氮以及少量 衛星拍月球經過地球，可見清晰月球背面 衛星拍月球經過地球，可見清晰月球背面 ［60］ 的固體甲烷和一氧化碳，冥王星表面的黑暗部分可能是一些基本的有機物質或是由宇宙射線引發的光化學反應。冥王星的大氣層主要由氮和少量的一氧化碳及甲烷組成。大氣極其稀薄，地面壓強只有少量微帕。［61］ 地球是離太陽第三顆行星，是我們人類的家鄉，儘管地球是太陽系中一顆普通的行星，但它在許多方面都是獨一無二的。比如，它是太陽系中唯一一顆面積大部分被水覆蓋的行星，也是目前所知唯一一顆有生命存在的星球。質量M=5。9742 ×10^24 公斤，表面溫度：t = - 30 ～ +45。［62］ 英國科研人員在《天體生物學》雜誌上報告說，如果沒有小行星撞擊等可能劇烈改變環境的事件發生，地球適宜人類居住的時間還剩約17。5億年，不過人為造成的氣候變化可能縮短這一時間。［63］ 彗星是由灰塵和冰塊組成的太陽系中的一類小天體，繞日運動。［64］ 科學家使用探測器對彗星的化學遺留物進行分析，發現其主要成份為氨、甲烷、硫化氫、氰化氫和甲醛。科學家得出結論稱，彗星的氣味聞起來像是臭雞蛋、馬尿、酒精和苦杏仁的氣味綜合。［65-66］ “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克”彗星 “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克”彗星 ［67］ 在太陽系的周圍還包裹著一個龐大的“奧爾特雲”。星雲內分佈著不計其數的冰塊、雪團和碎石。其中的某些會受太陽引力影響飛入內太陽系，這學說，在原有的軌道（或稱小天體軌道）上又增加了更多的天體執行軌道。這一模式稱每顆行星都沿著一個小軌道作圓周執行，而小軌道又沿著該行星的大軌道繞地球作圓周運動。幾百年之後，這一模式的漏洞越來越明顯。科學家們又在這個模式上增加了許多軌道，行星就這樣沿著一道又一道的軌道作圓周運動。哥白尼想用“現代”（16世紀的）技術來改進托勒密的測量結果，以期取消一些小軌道。在長達近20年的時間裡，哥白尼不辭辛勞日夜測量行星的位置，但其測量獲得的結果仍然與托勒密的天體執行模式沒有多少差別。哥白尼想知道在另一個執行著的行星上觀察這些行星的執行情況會是什麼樣的。基於這種設想，哥白尼萌發了一個念頭：假如地球在執行中，那麼這些行星的執行看上去會是什麼情況呢？這一設想在他腦海裡變得清晰起來了。一年裡，哥白尼在不同的時間、不同的距離從地球上觀察行星，每一個行星的情況都不相同，這是他意識到地球不可能位於星星軌道的中心。經過20年的觀測，哥白尼發現唯獨太陽的週年變化不明顯。這意味著地球和太陽的距離始終沒有改變。如果地球不是宇宙的中心，那麼宇宙的中心就是太陽。的發現才使牛頓有能力確定運動定律和萬有引力定律。哥白尼的日心宇宙體系既然是時代的產物，它就不能不受到時代的限制。反對神學的不徹底性，同時表現在哥白尼的某些觀點上，他的體系是存在缺陷的。哥白尼所指的宇宙是侷限在一個小的範圍內的，具體來說，他的宇宙結構就是今天我們所熟知的太陽系，即以太陽為中心的天體系統。宇宙既然有它的中心，就必須有它的邊界，哥白尼雖然否定了托勒玫的“九重天”，但他卻保留了一層恆星天，儘管他迴避了宇宙是否有限這個問題，但實際上他是相信恆星天球是宇宙的“外殼”，他仍然相信天體只能按照所謂完美的圓形軌道運動，所以哥白尼的宇宙體系，仍然包含著不動的中心天體。但是作為近代自然科學的奠基人，哥白尼的歷史功績是偉大的。確認地球不是宇宙的中心，而是行星之一，從而掀起了一場天文學上根本性的革命，是人類探求客觀真理道路上的里程碑。哥白尼的偉大成就，不僅鋪平了通向近代天文學的道路，而且開創了整個自然界科學向前邁進的新時代。從哥白尼時代起，脫離教會束縛的自然科學和哲學開始獲得飛躍的發展。哥白尼的科學成就，是他所處時代的產物，又轉過來推動了時代的發展。順應時代變化 十五、六世紀的歐洲，正是從封建社會向資本主義社會轉變的關鍵時期，在這一二百年間，社會發生了巨大的變化。14世紀以前的歐洲，到處是四分五裂的小城邦。後來，隨著城市工商業的興起，特別是採礦和冶金業的發展，湧現了許多新興的大城市，小城邦有了聯合起來組成國家的趨勢。到 15世紀末葉，在許多國家裡都出現了基本上是中央集權的君主政體。當時的波蘭不僅有像克拉科夫、波茲南這樣的大城市，也有許多手工業興盛的城
